Aristotle on Happiness and Virtue Essay - 1749 Words

In our society today, we are mostly challenged by two questions: ‘is it right to do this or that? And ‘how should I be living in society?’(Bessant, 2009). Similar questions were greatly discussed in the history by our ancestors in their philosophical discussions. The most ancient and long-lasting literature on moral principles and ethics were described by Greek philosopher Aristotle. He had an excellent command on various subjects ranging from sciences to mathematics and philosophy. He was also a student of a famous philosopher. His most important study on ethics, personal morality and virtues is ‘The Nicomachean Ethics’, which has been greatly influencing works of literature in ethics and heavily read for centuries, is believed to be†¦show more content†¦His father died in his earlier days, leaving Aristotle to be raised by his guardian. At the age of 17, he was admitted into Platos academy. Plato was also one of the most renowned philosopher s. He served for the purpose of edification of the Alexander the Great. At the age of 49, Aristotle started his own school and named is ‘Lyceum’. When Alexander died, Aristotle escaped to Athens fearing life attacks. In 322 B.C, Aristotle died. He was at the age of 62 when he died. He is honored to be author of ‘The Nicomachean Ethics,’ which was in fact the 1st book ever written on the subject of ethics. The book is greatly influential, even in modern times. By an analysis of Aristotle’s literature, it can be observed that he primarily focused on preaching to be ‘virtuous’ rather than focusing on the theories of what ‘virtue’ is. According to him, in whatever way we choose to act, some action that is focused on achieving the desired end result or ‘good’ results comes from that person’s own perspective. Aristotle claimed that the maximum good which a person have desire to achieve is basically an end-point itself , a person’s action or struggles is for achieving that ‘end-point’, it may be regarded as a point of maximum satisfaction. Aristotle critically concluded that the happiness of a person satisfies these conditions completely, and hence the highest attainable good is rega rded as happiness. Plato wasShow MoreRelatedAristotle on the Nature of Happiness and Virtue1265 Words   |  5 Pages Maybe it’s not clear for many people but, for me it is. Happiness does not depend on what we have; happiness comes from us our soul. Aristotle enshrines happiness as a central purpose of human life and a goal in itself. Virtue, which Aristotle believes that is the balance between two excesses, and definitely achieved by maintaining the mean. Aristotle always asks what the ultimate purpose of human existence is. Everywhere we see people seeking pleasure, wealth, and a good reputationRead MoreAristotle s Views On Happiness And Moral Virtue Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesTiverio Madrigal Landa Philosophy 002 October 13, 2016 Happiness and Moral Virtue Every few decades, an individual revolutionizes the way that we think and perceive the world. During the year 300 B.C., the foundation of philosophy was started by Aristotle and his learning from Plato and Socrates. A few centuries later, Thomas Hobbes beliefs challenged Aristotle s views. At the time, it was not known that their ideas would revolutionize the way we see the world around us today. Even though theyRead MoreHappiness Is an Activity Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss Aristotle’s claim that happiness is a kind of activity and not a momentary pleasure. Some people might worry that Aristotle is wrong in making this claim by presuming that happiness is a state of mind rather than a constant pursuit in which a person must actively strive for throughout the entirety of ones life. I will argue that Aristotle is correct when he declares that happiness is a kind of activity that we strive for and ultimately attain throughout the entirety ofRead M oreEssay Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle1464 Words   |  6 Pages An Exposition of Aristotelian Virtues In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores virtues as necessary conditions for being happy. A virtuous person is a person with a disposition toward virtuous actions and who derives pleasure from behaving virtuously. Aristotle distinguishes between two types of human virtue: virtues of thought and virtues of character. Virtues of thought are acquired through learning and include virtues like wisdom and prudence; virtues of character include bravery andRead MoreThe Philosophies Of Aristotle And Confucius978 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is virtue? The philosophies of Aristotle and Confucius establish virtue as a moral trait that encompasses love, courage, good manners, and happiness. To achieve virtue, one must display qualities of altruism and promote benevolence in every action. The virtuous person lives by a high moral standard that is achieved through the habitual conditioning of disposition. Temperament is trained by recurrently choosing the best course of action or the one that causes the least amount of pain or sufferingRead MoreAristotle s Views On Happiness1509 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will focus on Aristotle’s claim that happiness is an activity and not just a momentary pleasure. Skeptics claim happiness is a state of mind and Aristotle is wrong to claim that happiness is an ongoing pursuit a person must actively strive for during one’s life. This paper argues that Aristotle is correct when he states that happiness is an activity, the central purpose of human life and a goal in itself that individuals strive for throughout the entirety of their lifetime and ultimatelyRead MoreArgument Analysis Of Aristotles Happiness As An Essential Purpose Of Human Life1219 Words   |  5 PagesBrooke Thell Second Argument Analysis More than anybody else, Aristotle treasures happiness as an essential purpose of human life and a goal in itself. Aristotle was convinced that a sincerely happy life required the fulfillment of an extensive range of conditions, including physical and mental well-being. Essentially, Aristotle argues that virtue is achieved by maintaining the mean. For Aristotle the mean was a method of achieving virtue. What is the ultimate purpose of human existence? What is theRead MoreEssay about Confucius and Aristotle on Virtue953 Words   |  4 PagesConfucius and Aristotle on Virtue Lisa Wilson Dr. Malone Date 12/5/2015 Confucius and Aristotle are some of the greatest thinkers in the history of mankind. While Confucius was born in China and spearheaded a new way of perceiving morality, Aristotle was born in Macedon/Greece and also immersed his philosophical work to addressing moral thinking.Both philosophers have addressed similar subjects with major points of divergence and convergence.Read MoreVirtues Of Happiness Moral Ethics856 Words   |  4 PagesVirtues of Happiness Moral Ethics An individual’s virtue ethics does not depend on the society that they live in, the spirituality that they follow, or their culture/upbringing; but they depend exclusively on the individuals themselves. Aristotle introduced moral ethics theory in his Nicomachean Ethics books. The idea of ethics is questioning long term goals, ‘what sort of person do I want to be’ instead of instantaneous decisions that question ‘what should I do in this situation?’ Virtues areRead MoreMoral Virtues Between Aristotle And St. Thomas Aquinas1147 Words   |  5 Pagessuccinctly express and correlate the theories of moral virtues between Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, analysing and assessing how their beliefs have influenced European culture. Aristotle (384-322BCE) was an ancient Greek Philosopher who was a polymath and productive writer. Despite the fact that it can’t be positive it is commonly accepted the Nichomachean Ethics (NE) are his own works (IEP, 2005 ), and it is in Book Tow that the topic of virtue and moral values is one of several conferred. St.

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The History and Development of Assessment and Evaulation

Assessment and Evaluation, Definition, History and Development† Introduction In this short essay we will define â€Å"Assessment and Evaluation†, we are going to compare several definitions found in diferent books and web pages. We will be writing about the history and development of â€Å"Assessment and Evaluation† and how it is very important for the counseling profession. As we will later reasd in this essay, assessment and evaluation are two terms with different definitions and sometimes is used as the same word, but in counseling they are used together. Then we will discuss about â€Å"The role of Assessment in Counseling†, this is an important topic because assessment is an integral part of counseling, therefore practicioners should be competent in this area. We will begin this essay defining Assessment and Evaluation, let’s review three definitions found in three different sources: In their article â€Å"Multiple Assessment Methods and Sources in Counseling:Ethical Considerations† authors Leppma, M. and Dayle, K. define Assessment as: â€Å"the systematic process of gathering information about an individual in order to make decisions or inferences about that person (American Educational Research Association [AERA], American Psychological Association [APA], National Council on Measurement in Education [NCME], 1999; Haynes O’Brien,(2000)†. This definition seems to be a short definition compared to gatheringShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Bridge Based Management1460 Words   |  6 Pagescapacity to evaluating least plan prerequisites for plague level of administrations. [Engineering Management] Problems Associated With Bridges Development Accidents A substantial number of extensions falls as they`re been constructed, which may appear outlandish. Tragically history has that the most dangerous development mischances is amid development of a bridge. A case is the 1907 of the Quebec Bridge[John Deans, 1907] that crosses St. Lawrence River shows and proof of designing error. (Ed Grabianowski

Hamsters and Guinea Pigs Comparison Free Essays

Katrina 10/23/12 English 1 honors Mr. Martin. Hamster and guinea pigs ESSAY: Hamsters and guinea pigs are two completely different animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamsters and Guinea Pigs Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most obvious difference is that hamsters are very small; they can fit in the palm of your hand. Guinea pigs are much larger, generally weighs around 3 pounds or so when fully grown. Hamsters are native to Europe and Asia while the guinea pig is native to South America. That’s one difference which shows they are not related. Although the two eat approximately the same foods, the guinea pig is much larger and is commonly used as a food animal in the Andes Mountains. The hamster is strictly a pet or laboratory animal. Although they are both rodents and are popular as pets, hamster and guinea pigs have many differences such as there body and their behavior. ‘Guinea pig’ is the common name for members of the species Cavia porcellus. They are native to South America in the wild, weigh roughly 700-1200 grams, and usually live for around five years. Guinea pigs are tailless, herbivorous, and live in social colonies in the wild. They are active during the day. The guinea pig is very likely to get into space when space habitats are finally developed. They breed easily, have several litters per year, and mature quickly. A guinea pig gets about 5 times the size of a hamster, and eats more like a rabbit. They are both good pets though. They do look a lot alike, but are completely unrelated. Guinea pigs are a whole different species. Possibly not even rodents, scientists are debating that. Guinea pigs are the larger of the two, they don’t have a tail but they have a bump where there tail should have been. Guinea pigs are usually the hardest to train but once trained they will be very attached to you. Guinea pigs like to be kept in pair’s or groups. A perfect example of a social animal that enjoys each other’s company and like living outside. A guinea pig is bigger, and has a life span of about 5 to 10 years. Hamsters can actually be one of several species from the genus Phodopus (dwarf hamsters), Cricetulus (includes dwarf and normal sized species) or Mesocricetus. The most common pet hamster is Mesocricetus auratus, the Syrian hamster. Size of pet hamsters is usually around 5-15cm. The hamsters have little short hairless tails and prefer to live a solitary lifestyle, only coming together to mate. They are omnivores, mostly eating only seeds and fruits, but may also eat things like insects in the wild. Hamsters can live for around 1. 5 to 2 years and are nocturnal, being most active when it is dark. Hamsters are generally nocturnal which means that they will sleep in the night, but you can train them not too. Hamsters aren’t as clean as guinea pigs but they can be taught to use a litter box. Hamsters must be kept alone because of the fact that they are very territorial. Hamsters are usually solitary with the exception of dwarfs who can live happily in groups, they have a lifespan from 1. years to 3 years, but some can live longer. There are also different breeds of hamster, ranging from tiny Robo, Chinese Russian dwarf hamster to bigger Syrian ones. These have small tails. Rats are about 3/4 or even larger than hamsters with long tails. Hamsters bite if they smell food on you. By owning both animals : hamsters and guinea pigs it is safe to say ,guinea pigs are harder t o keep clean (as long as you don’t put 2 males in a cage with a female nearby), they are â€Å"sweeter† and seem more stable. Guinea pigs are more easily played with , and when they run on the floor you can find them way easier than hamsters! Other than them both being vegetarians and furry they couldn’t be much more different. I hope for the sake of any animal that you find out the difference before attempting to keep one. Pets provide us with so much more than companionship. Although there are responsibilities with pet ownership, the benefits greatly outweigh the work. Pets give us benefits not always readily available from our human companions and that’s unconditional love and acceptance. Our pets are always there for us and they are great listeners! A pet never judges us and they continue to love us in spite of our flaws and mistakes. That simple fact can be a stress reducer. One thing I have come into generalization with is no matter how small or big the animal is or how great their differences are. We should assume responsibility for them. We should do our best to nurture, care and love them. That is our responsibility as humans. How to cite Hamsters and Guinea Pigs Comparison, Essay examples

Gender Perspective in Organization Performance

Question: Discuss about the Gender Perspective in Organization Performance. Answer: At present, unprecedented change concerning gender perspective is the new normal of the workforce. The unpredictability in the work market, economy, and demography has served as a wake-up call by administrators of various organizations to ensure that gender perspective is put into consideration when consolidating their members. In previous years organizations have shown their naivety in ensuring that both genders are given equal opportunity regarding hiring, pay rates and also promotion. As at now, there are tremendous strides made through feminists movements and laws that dictate the organization to apply gender equality in their modus operandi (A. Taus, 2014). Despite this groundbreaking developments, it seems that gender perspective in an organization is still a thorny issue. This paper focuses on gender perspective in an organization inclusive of strengths and weaknesses associated with gender perspectives. Also, the paper will focus on ways to measure the structure of an organiz ation on gender perspective. Strengths of Gender Perspective in Organization Gender perspective in an organization is a strength because the existence of gender mainstreaming in assessing the implication of men and women becomes evident. Bringing together the perspective of both men and women in the design, decision-making, and experiences in a program, is a sure way of a program or a projects success. Gender perspective in an organization is a clear way of the realization of gender equality. Successful implementation of a gender perspective in an organization does not guarantee gender equality. The only sure way is by an organization to have policies that every member is aware. According to Godwyn Gittell, (2011), ensuring that gender perspective in an organization is in place, such as gender diversity, the performance of an organization is likely to improve. An organization with diverse gender has a higher financial performance. It is clear that men and women have different viewpoints which mean a different way of tackling and solving problems. When different solutions are put together to solve a particular problem, it means that a problem will be solved swiftly and with ease thus incurring less cost to an organization ("About workplace gender equality", 2017). Weaknesses Gender Perspective in Organization Gender perspective in organizations has its weaknesses as well. Conflict resolution at an organization with diverse gender becomes a problem due to a different social perspective of males and females. Women by nature, tend to have excellent negotiating skills and they are also good problem solvers. Males on the other side, tend to believe that they are always right. Due to these different natures, a diverse gender organization, spends a lot of time on solving conflicts rather than working on a task delegated (Kokemuller, 2017). Gender perspective in an organization can be an extremely be a complex phenomenon when the biological, cognitive differences between men and women are not scrutinized. It is important to note than an organization which is gender aware, must not have an equal number of men and women, since it will not only result in improved performance but also issues regarding paid leaves. Having biased decisions in the workplace is a weakness associated with an organization that is gender aware. Informal socialization in an organization is significant for employees integration as a sign of peaceful existence. Also formal socialization helps employees to come up with new ideas on how the organization can move forward. The absence of social interaction in a diverse gender organization is as a result of the fact that it will lead to romantic engagement among the members thus disrupting work performance (Kumra, Simpson, Burke, 2014). A gender perceptive organization on its every aspect of operation is mandated to conduct seminars and training among the members to promote gender diversity knowledge. Such training needs to be on a regular basis so as to be part of organizational culture. Numerous training means increased cost in operational management which is unprecedented. Evaluation of usefulness of Framework in understanding an Organization Financial performance is a measure of an organization performance. Financial performance is one clear indication that an organization is doing well. Most financial analysts or any other layman, can look at certain credential of an organization and weigh its strength regarding its finances. What any person can examine is the profit, the stock price and its longevity in the market. Financial performance of any organization is the only sure way that one can understand an organization. An organization that has poor finances means that the relationship among the members of such an organization is wanting. Ultimately an underperforming organization means that gender diversity is a vocabulary as only one gender dominates in such an organization (Mumby, 2012). An organization that puts into consideration different abilities, both cognitive and physical brought about by males and females can achieve maximum performance in regards to finances. Organizational culture is a system of shared assumptions and norms of what members of an organization believe in (Werhane Painter-Morland, 2011). It is true that every company has its personality and its ways of operation. This is just how one can understand an organization. The characteristics of organization culture include innovation. Every company has its way of motivating its members to come up with new ideas. Some companies, believe that employees should depend on the direction that is given by the management. Teamwork is another characteristic in organizational culture that assists in understanding an organization. An organization that supports people to pull ideas to achieve a certain task tends to be more successful and easy to work with ("Why Is Gender Equality Important? | Gender Equality", 2017). Besides an organization which is gender diverse and encourages teamwork is likely to achieve maximum results of a task. The combination of thoughts brought together by the males and females assist in giving excellent results in a lot of tasks within a short period. In conclusion, incorporation of a gender perspective into an organizational operation makes gender diversity in such an organization inevitable. Apart from the few problems such as time consumption in solving conflicts, a diverse gender organization is likely to have a better performance not only in finances but also easy to work with. To ensure maximum benefits from a gender perspective organization, the leaders should ensure that gender balance is in place in each business unit. References Taus, D. (2014).The Ecumenical violence from a gender perspective(1st ed., p. 320). Lulu.com. About workplace gender equality. (2017).Wgea.gov.au. Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://www.wgea.gov.au/learn/about-workplace-gender-equality Godwyn, M. Gittell, J. (2011).Sociology of Organizations: Structures and Relationships(1st ed., p. 480). SAGE Publications. Kokemuller, N. (2017).Negative Effects of Diversity in the Workplace.Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effects-diversity-workplace-18443.html Kumra, S., Simpson, R., Burke, R. (2014).The Oxford handbook of gender in organizations(1st ed., p. 241). OUP Oxford. Mumby, D. (2012).Organizational Communication: A Critical Approach(1st ed., p. 24). SAGE. Werhane, P. Painter-Morland, M. (2011).Leadership, gender, and organization(1st ed., p. 7). Dordrecht: Springer. Why Is Gender Equality Important? | Gender Equality. (2017).Genderequality.gov.ky. Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://www.genderequality.gov.ky/pledge/why-gender-equality- important

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us free essay sample

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us BY shaker71493 Jacob Nieuwenhuis Contemporary Issues MSR 10 March 2010 Universal Health Care in the United States Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber barons cruelty may sometimes sleep. His cupidity may at some time point be satisfied; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. -C. S. Lewis (1898 1963) The issue of universal health care taking over the present health care system has become a heated topic all over America. With President Obamas promise to pass a bill that will give government coverage to all Americans, most people were happy that health care would become more affordable for them. But is this the case? There has been a stiff opposition to the passing of any bill of this kind throughout the entire process, but the longer a bill stays in circulation the more time people have to form an opinion on the issue. With the law in effect now the issue now turns to if this will e better off for America in the long run, and if there is any good to such a system. History has a lot to say about socialized medicine. There have been many countries, not only socialistic countries which have used a public method of offering medicine. A few of these countries are Great Britain, Canada, France, Australia, and also the European system. These systems will be analyzed from their roots up in order to see whether they were successes or failures. The National Health Service (NHS) of Great Britain, which was created on July 5, 1948, is the worlds largest publicly funded health service ever. As can be seen on the diagram, the NHS is divided into two sections: primary and secondary care. Primary care is the first point of contact for most people and is delivered by a wide range of independent service providers, including general practitioners, dentists, pharmacists and optometrists. Secondary care is known as acute healthcare and can be either elective care or emergency care. Elective care means planned specialist medical care or surgery, usually following referral from a primary or community health professional such as a general practitioner. In this system there are a lot of different trusts (refer to iagram). These trusts are where the money is sent for certain types of care. The main trusts are the Primary care trusts. Primary care trusts (PCTs) are in charge of primary care and have a major role around commissioning secondary care, providing community care services. They are the main core to the NHS and control 80% of the NHS budget. Green, did a report on the effects of preventive care in Great Britain for diseases such as circulatory disease and cancer. His main focus was on the circulatory system and the conclusion of his reports states that: The main findings can be summarized as follows. The I-JK has a poor record of preventing death from diseases of the circulatory system. After allowing for the different age structure of each country in the European Union, the I-JK death rate from circulatory diseases for persons aged less than 65 was ranked thirteenth out of the 15 countries studied. There are many negative aspects of the NHS. There are stunning reports of people who didnt get care, or who waited for months in order to get prevented care. One example of a terrible thing that happened recently in Great Britain was a cancer patient who had to wait for 62 weeks before starting treatment. Patients were outraged by this. They said that for some cancer patients with slow growing tumors could wait that long but that it is atrocious that someone would have to wait that long to receive any type of care at all. It was compared side by side with a case from 20 years earlier, when Heather Goodare was diagnosed with the same problem and eceived treatment within two weeks after first being diagnosed. The European system has run into a lot of obstacles over the years, mostly financial. There is currently a 5 percent to 8 percent increase in expenses per year in real terms, resulting in enormous deficits and even greater problems when the rate of unemployment rises. When employment rates improve, the deficits are eased be cause more taxes come in to pay for care. But as soon as employment falls again (which is common everywhere right about now), deficits come back. A common method used for getting over this deficit is rationing care and restricting use of high ost preventive cares such as CAT scans. Sometimes this is only towards people who meet a certain criteria, e. g. the elderly. This can only be bad for the consumer. Michael Tanner sums this up nicely in his article condemning socialized medicine in the U. S. : The Europeans have run into a very simple economic rule. If something is for it. Think of it this way: if food were free, would you eat hamburger or steak? At the same time, health care is a finite good. There are only so many doctors, so many hospital beds and so much technology. If people over consume those resources, it drives up the cost of health care. All the countries in Europe have this health care system. There are, however, three countries in Europe that allow their citizens to opt out of the official system and to take with a tax credit for the money they paid to the official system, to purchase private insurance in the health market. These countries are Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In those countries, citizens do not have to pay twice in order to acquire private health insurance. The systems of these three countries are important in that they may point the way to a solution for the current financial problems Western health care systems are experiencing. This private plan is more expensive but reachable for at least a third of the population. For the most part, people in Europe are happy with the health care they receive. In the Netherlands there is a basic plan that everyone can buy (it is not a government mandate). This covers things such as broken limbs, emergency room visits Oust the visit), and seeing general practitioners. On top of this, a person may buy whatever premium add-ons they want. An example of an add-on is dental and orthodontic care. With this add-on all the people in the household of the insurance buyer receive ull dental care as well as braces for all the children of the family. Trudy Rubin, who is a Philadelphia Inquirer opinion columnist, says that the United States is not learning valuable lessons from the European system of healthcare. She addresses the three myths that she thinks are thought to be believed as fact. She takes these myths from an excerpt from T. R. Reid. The three myths are as follows: Myth No. 1, he says, is that foreign systems with universal coverage are all socialized medicine. In countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan, the coverage is universal while doctors and insurers are private. Individuals get their insurance through their workplace, sharing the premium with their employer as we do and the government picks up the premium if they lose their Job. Myth No. 2, which is long waits and rationed care is another whopper. In many developed countries, Reid writes, people have quicker access to care and more choice than Americans do. In France, Germany, and Japan, you can pick any provider or hospital in the country. Care is speedy and high quality, and no one is turned down. Myth No. 3 really grabs my attention: the delusion that countries with universal care are wasteful systems run y bloated bureaucracies. In fact, the opposite is true. Americas for-profit health insurance companies have the highest administrative costs of any developed country. Twenty percent or more of every premium dollar goes to nonmedical costs: paperwork, marketing, profits, etc. If a profit is to be made, you need an army of underwriters to deny claims and turn down sick people, says Rei d. Canada is another place where health care is run by the government. This came into effect when the parliament unanimously passed the Canadian Health Act in system. Under this law, provinces must ensure that their health care systems respect ive criteria: The first is public administration. This means that the health insurance plans must be administered by a public authority who is accountable to the government. The second is comprehensive benefit. The plan must cover all medically necessary services prescribed by physicians and provided by hospitals. The third is universality. This means all legal residents of the province must be covered. The fourth criterion is portability. Under this, residents continue to be covered if they move or travel from one province to another. And the final criterion is accessibility. This means that services must be made available to all residents on equal terms, regardless of income, age, or ability to pay. The process which a patient goes through to receive health care is very simple. When a person goes to a doctor for any kind of medical treatment they have to present what is called a provincial health card. This is a credit card-looking piece of plastic that lets your physician know you are a legal user of the system